Hailed as a route to a green, carbon-free future, electric car batteries
have the world's superpowers vying for a share of what promises to be a
lucrative market.
But lithium-ion batteries are not without
their environmental and ethical drawbacks -- here's what you need to
know about the fast-developing technology.
- Driven by lithium - Electric vehicles, or EVs,
have an electric motor rather than an internal combustion engine. They
may be powered by fuel cells that generate electricity from hydrogen or a
lithium-ion rechargeable battery pack.
Each
cell in the battery pack contains a positive electrode, usually
containing lithium and cobalt, and a negative electrode containing
graphite.
As atoms move between the cell's electrodes they create power which drives the motor.
Electric
vehicles create little noise, no pollution where they are used, and
require less maintenance as they have far fewer moving parts than
internal combustion cars.
- Europe's battery roadmap - The
electric vehicle market is accelerating fast as consumers look for
greener alternatives to petrol and diesel, and the European Commission predicts the number of EVs on the road will rise ten-fold to 200 million by 2028.
Batteries
make up about 40 percent of the value of an electric car, and China
currently controls two-thirds of worldwide cell manufacturing.
But the EU hopes to increase its share from the current three percent to 25 percent by 2028.
Last
year the bloc approved 3.2 billion euros of state subsidies from
France, Germany, Finland, Sweden, Italy, Belgium and Poland to stimulate
a European battery industry and meet homegrown demand.
So far
plans for a number of giant European "gigafactories" have been unveiled,
including a colossal Tesla plant in Germany and a $1bn facility in
Sweden part-funded by Volkswagen.
- A green illusion? - Unlike petrol or diesel vehicles, electric cars do not spew out emissions as they move about.
But
the batteries come with their own share of green shortcomings, in the
first instance because charging the batteries requires electricity which
may be created by coal-fired or nuclear power stations.
Mining
the battery chemicals also has a significant environmental impact, which
can cause toxic substances to leak into waterways.
The batteries
have a human cost too -- over half of the world's cobalt, a key battery
ingredient, currently comes from mines in the Democratic Republic of
Congo, where organisations such as Amnesty have documented rights abuses and the use of child labour.
Meanwhile
battery recycling opportunities are still limited and some industry
watchers warn that global supplies of cobalt are already running low and
won't stretch to meet future demand.
- A long road ahead -
Battery technology still has room for development -- the cells take a
long time to charge, are expensive to produce and the distance you can
drive in one go is limited.
But this September Tesla announced
advances that it said will allow it to slashing battery manufacturing
costs to speed a global shift to renewable energy, and could have a
$25,000 self-driving model available in around three years.
Meanwhile
US maker GM unveiled its plans for fast-charging Ultium batteries in
March, with a range of up to 400 miles (645 kilometers).
While
battery electric vehicles have dominated in recent years, there has
recently been renewed interest in fuel cells. These convert hydrogen
into electricity, emitting nothing but water vapour. They offer longer
range and are fast to refuel, but like battery electric vehicles are
currently expensive to produce and would require huge investments in
developing refueling infrastructure.